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Detoxification Potential Of Yeast Sludhe Ahainst Ochratoxin In Broiler Chicks

by Huma Mujahid | Dr. Abu Saeed Hashmi | Dr. Aftab | Miss Asma Waris.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Ochratoxin the fungal secondary metabolite is a potent natural contaminant of poultry feed. Mycotoxins present in poultry feeds from the raw material used in their production is the major cause of toxic feed. The intake of very low levels of Ochratoxin-A result in overt ochratoxicosis resulting in impairment of immune system and acquired resistance to infections causing health problems which lead to economic losses in the form of reduced productivity The research study was conducted to study the harmful effects of Ochratoxin on broiler chicks and the adsorptive potential of yeast sludge against Ochratoxin in broiler chicks . Aspergillus ochraceus was grown on Sabraud's Dextrose Agar and ochratoxin was produced on fermented wheat grains .One fifty day old Chicks of broiler breed were purchased from Big birds hatchery and were raised on commercial broiler diet till 7 days. Four diets A,B,C and D were formulated A diet serve as control, B diet contained OTA 500ppb, C diet contained OTA 500ppb and 1% Yeast sludge and D diet contained OTA 500ppb and 2% Yeast sludge. These four diets were assigned randomly to the chicks, such that there were three replicates on each ration and each replicate contained 10 chicks. Vaccination against N.D and IBD was performed according to the schedule. During feeding trial weight gain , feed consumed, FCR and mortality rate was determined. Group B (500ppb OTA) showed a decrease in weight gain and feed consumption as compared to group A (control diet) , C (1% yeast sludge and 500ppb OTA) and D (2% yeast sludge and 500ppb ochratoxin). Group D showed more improvement in weight gain, feed consumption and FCR as compared to group C. Blood serum and tissue samples were collected from the birds slaughtered at the end of experimental trial. Concentration of serum total protein, albumin and activity of alanine transaminase were determined. Blood Serum levels of total protein and albumin were lower in the group B (500ppb OTA) than group D having 2 % yeast sludge but the group C fed on 1% yeast sludge did not show much improvement in those parameters. Activity of ALT was found to be significantly higher (P<0.05) in group C as compared to all other groups. Whereas blood serum ALT activity of the birds fed on ration B was significantly high (P< 0.05) as compared to blood serum ALT of group A The Level of Ochratoxin in Liver and Kidneys was also determined and it was found to be highest in Group B (500ppb OTA) and lowest in Group D (500ppb OTA + 2% yeast sludge). Based upon the observations obtained in this study it can be concluded that ochratoxin-A is a nephrotoxic and hepatotoxic agent. But supplementation of 2% yeast sludge in the broiler diet can effectively detoxify the effects of ochratoxin as compared to supplementation of 1% yeast sludge in the chicks diet. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1313,T] (1).

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Bioconversion Of Agricultural Wastes To Polyhydroxybutyrate By Azotobacter Vinelandii

by Tehmina Aslam | Ms. Shagufta Saeed | Dr. Aftab | Ms. Huma Mujahid.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: drama Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Background Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is a biopolymer. It can be used as a biodegradable thermoplastic material for waste management strategies. It can be produced by various microorganisms. A bacterium, Azotobacter vinelandii accumulates PHB as intracellular granules inside their cells in response to physiological stress such as excess of carbon sources and limitation of nutrients e.g. nitrogen and phosphorus etc. During this research work PHB was produced from agricultural wastes like wheat bran and rice polishing through fermentation and by the optimization of different parameters like water substrate ratio, incubation time, volume of inoculum, pH and nitrogen concentration. Methodology A parent strain of Azotobacter vinelandii was maintained on Jerman agar plate. Fermentation media containing wheat bran and rice polishing as substrates was used to check the production of PHB for the selected bacteria. 0.5 ml of inoculum media was added into sterilized fermentation media and incubated for 24-72 hours. After that, culture media was centrifuged. Further extraction, determination and identification of PHB were carried out by using the pellet. It was found that Azotobacter vinelandii gave maximum PHB yield (192mg/100mL) at 4% of wheat bran after 48 hours of incubation and at 5% of rice polishing after 36 hours (158mg/100mL). Wheat bran gave maximum PHB production (236mg/100mL) at 1.0mL volume of inoculum and rice polishing gave maximum yield (216mg/100mL) at 2.5mL. For wheat bran optimum pH was observed to be 7 to give higher PHB yield (256mg/100mL) and for rice polishing at pH 8.0 maximum PHB was observed (236mg/100mL). From wheat bran maximum quantity of PHB was produced at 0.2% of peptone (268mg/100mL) and at 0.3% of yeast extract (256mg/100mL) while in rice polishing based media higher PHB yield was studied at 0.25% of peptone (258mg/100mL) and at 0.2% of yeast extract (250mg/100mL). In this study Azotobacter vinelandii produced higher yield of PHB using wheat bran as compared to rice polishing. Outcomes So it is concluded that PHB produced in this work can be used in various industries like pharmaceutics, food industry and also in medical fields. It will also be helpful to reduce the pollution caused by other synthetic plastics. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1818,T] (1).

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